There is a large gap in the economic development level of countries around the world.To measure the per capita GDP, the richest country is hundreds of times the most poorest country; the top 10 richest countries are dozens of times the top 10 countries in the top 10.In a wealthy country, people can enjoy good education, health care, and various public services, and in poverty -stricken countries, people can almost get anything.So why are some countries wealthy and poor?Why can the economy of some countries achieve long -term sustainable growth?Why do some countries fall into the so -called "medium income trap" and cannot jump out?Why is there a small income gap in some countries and the income gap in some countries is large?
Many scholars have studied these issues and put forward many different hypothesis, such as element hypothesis, geographical hypothesis, cultural hypothesis, ignorant hypotheses, and institutional hypotheses.The three winners of the Nobel Prize in Economics in 2024, Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson and James A. Robinson, answered from an institutional perspective.This problem.
Although the Nobel Prize Committee gives 1/3 of each winner, the contribution of the three winners is not exactly the same.Among them, Asimogru is the core figure of the three.This can be seen from the results they have published and the Nobel Prize of Economics to the Nobel Prize of Economics.First, in the papers they published in cooperation, there were three cooperation published in cooperation, published in cooperation between Asushlru and Johnson, and Possen and Robinson, but did not publish in cooperation between Johnson and Robinson;In the references listed by the Nobel Prize Commission, only the independent authors of Asimagru or the literature that cooperate with them or cooperate with others, and there is no papers that Johnson or Robinson independent authors or they cooperate with others.
However, the cooperation between the three is effective, because their series of research results on the relationship between system and long -term economic growth are basically completed by the three -person cooperation.Moreover, the three have their own characteristics: Asimogru is basically a typical college who sent economists, and has never left universities since the work; Johnson is across the three realms of school, politics, and business., Also served as the chief economist of the IMF, and also the chairman of the board of directors of Fangrimi, and Robinson provided inspiration and intuition from a large number of historical data and field inspections.
The theoretical research of the systems important role in economic growth is not from the three of them.The main achievements of the Nobel Prize winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1993, and it is also an important role in the systems important role in economic growth or economic development.However, Asimogru and others are not limited to Nons theoretical views. Instead, through the research on the research of the colonial system, the system of the system is vital to economic growth, that is, it proves that the system is the cause of economic growth.Cause and effect.
They compare the differences in colonial consequences of Europe in different regions of the world.Some colonies have become developed countries, such as the United States, Canada, Australia, and some colonies have fallen into poverty, such as most countries in Africa, South America and Latin America.Why is there such a difference?Their argument shows that this is because the colonists have adopted different systems in these different regions.In most countries such as Africa and South America, colonists adopt a seizing system characterized by plunder, and in the United States is an inclusive system characterized by production.Different systems in history have different results.
So why did the colonists adopt different systems in different regions?The colonists are rational.They plunder when they are even more favorable; when there is no way to plunder, they have to develop production.When the earliest Spanish colonists arrived in the Americas, it happened to be relatively rich, which produced precious metals such as silver in these places.The colonists plunder silver locally.However, when the British colonists arrived in the Americas, they arrived in North America. Although they also wanted to plunder precious metals such as silver, they were scarcely smoke, and there was no silver that could be plundered at all.Not only did the colonists not plunder wealth, they were almost starved to death.However, they also discovered the "New World", a large amount of land.However, the most direct way is to move the farmers and craftsmen of the country to the New World for production activities.
As a result, at that time, South America and Latin America at that time were relatively densely populated and relatively rich regions at the time. Due to the plundering of the colonists, they have been capturing, and they have become current poverty -stricken areas; while at the timeIn areas with scarce population and relatively backward population, colonists have to adopt a productive tolerance system and develop into developed areas.This is a typical "wealth reverse".Another important factor affects the choice of the colonists, the mortality in the colony.If it is difficult for the colonists to survive after arriving in the colonies, they will quickly leave after plundering.European colonists are basically the same in Africa.Asimogru and others adopt the basic analysis framework of microeconomics to establish theoretical models, explaining the economic roots of colonists adopting different systems or practices in different countries or regions.
They further divide the system into the inclusive system and grabbing system .A basic analysis framework is the political system determines the economic system, and the economic system determines economic performance.
Under grabbing the sexual system, political power is concentrated in the hands of a few people, and most of the civilians have no right to vote.The economic system that is generated is usually grabbing. It is served for a few elite characters. The system has become a tool for a few people to capture the majority of people.Consumers surplus or producers remaining means.Producers can only obtain a small part of production products, and the power of production rely more on forced, rather than obtaining their own income incentives.
Under the tolerance political system, the public has the right to vote, has the right to select leaders, and the leader or the power of the election is the agent of the public.The power of the power of power comes from the public, and the public has the ability to dismiss the power.This has formed effective supervision or restrictions on the elected leaders or in power.The economic system generated under the tolerance political system is usually tolerant, such as a market that is fully competitive.Both consumers and producers can enter or exit freely, and cannot obtain excess profits through monopoly.If you want to get excess profits, you can only pass innovation.
The political system of grabbing is difficult to produce an inclusive economic system.Under grabbing political system, it is difficult to sustain even if the tolerance economic system is selected.Similarly, under the tolerance political system, the economic system will not be produced.Their analysis of their tolerance system and seizing the sex system further opened the "black box" of the system, and answered what kind of system is conducive to economic growth, especially long -term economic growth.They also deconstruct the system and believe that the role of different types of economic systems on economic activities is different. The property right protection system is conducive to innovation and economic growth.Type activity.
In order to deeply discuss why different countries in the world choose different political systems and economic systems, they have analyzed the strong and weakness of the two dimensions of the country and society.They believe that the inclusive political system is not only the dispersion of power, but also the concentration of power, that is, there must be a strong country and a strong regime.
However, as Nobes pointed out, a strong country has "two sides", which can protect property rights and infringe property rights.The reason why a strong country is important is because the economic development of a country or region requires order. The most typical is to define property rights and protect property rights, and it cannot be realized in the case of weak countries.However, it is necessary to restrict the infringement of property rights for strong countries, which requires a strong society to compete or corresponds.If it is a strong country and a weak society, the country may violate property rights, not protecting property rights; if it is a weak country and a strong society, it may fall into a certain degree of chaos and approach the state of no government.The public or social entities violate each others property rights; the worst is the weak country and weak society structure, which may not be able to achieve development at all.
Asimorgru, etc., only a few countries or regions in the world have formed the structure of this strong country and society.Growth has become a developed country or region.This is the "narrow corridor" metaphor they adopted.
The theoretical viewpoints of Asimogru and others can explain the great achievements after Chinas reform and opening up to a certain extent.Essence
First, The system after the reform and opening up of China is becoming more and more inclusive, which has promoted the rapid economic development.From the perspective of ownership structure, under the premise of adhering to the public ownership system, the development of a variety of economic ingredients has become the institutional foundation of the rapid development of the private economy.
Second, The establishment and improvement of the high -level socialist market economy system, establish a fair competitive market environment, allow the market to play a decisive role in resource allocation in the allocation of resource allocationThrough "negative list" management, etc., to create conditions for various types of investment to enter the market.
Third, In terms of income distribution system, whether in rural or cities, it emphasizes the combination of distribution and distribution of factor. It is essentially the combinationThe distribution of contributions in wealth creation according to labor and other elements in wealth means, which means that it is more laborious and more invested.
China still needs to be comprehensively deepened the reform in the future, continuously improves the tolerance of the system, and lays the foundation for further promoting economic growth, achieving long -term economic growth, and creating conditions.
First of all, Effectively implement the "two unshakable" to create a fair environment and conditions for the development of non -public ownership economy.The function and distribution areas in the state -owned economy should be scientifically positioned. On the premise of adhering to the status of public ownership and the leading role of the state -owned economy, the state -owned economy "do something to do";Limit the private economy entering or competing through monopoly and other channels.
Next, Protect the right to the distribution of legitimate property rights and legal elements of all market entities, form an effective incentive, and lay the foundation for investment and consumption.
Once again, forms an institutional environment that encourages innovation. Only a continuous innovation society can achieve rapid growth; establish a fair competition environment, use innovation as the excess profits as excess profitsThe only way to give full play to the wisdom of the public and establish an innovative society.
(Author Li Zenggang is a professor at the Institute of Economics of Shandong University, Director of the Editorial Department of "Institutional Economics", mainly engaged in research on institutional economics, new political economics, etc.Translated with the 2024 Nobel Prize winner of Economics, "Why is the country failed" co-authored by Robinson and Robinson.P>
