West Lake University, Nature Materials!

The multi -scale structure is ubiquitous in the biological system.However, it is very challenging to create controlled artificial structures with controllable characteristics, spanning more length scale, especially nano -scale characteristics, which seriously affects their collective characteristics.

In view of this, West Lake University Wen Yongyong specialized researcher introduced a kind of aluminum -based three -dimensional light engraving technology, this technology combinedThe anode oxidation of continuous nano-micron-macro-printed and multi-scale anode aluminum oxide templates is used to create a clear multi-scale structure with various materials .The high -fidelity nano pattern and micron pattern are promoted by surface processing and hardening. Among them, the nanocal pattern can be further adjusted further through anode oxidation to have high vertical ratio and adjustable nanohole.Based on the aluminum -based three -dimensional light engraving technology, the length scale is at least 107 magnitude of multi -scale materials, including carbon, semiconductor and metal .The author integrates the pressure and the biosensor by customizing the multi-scale carbon network of different lengths.EssenceThis work provides a general technology that can be used for the prototype of multi -scale structure and materials on demand to explore the ideal mechanical and physical characteristics .The relevant research papers "Aluminium Surface Work Working Enables Multi-SCALE 3D Lithography" published on November 11, 2024 in the journal "Nature Materials".West Lake University-Zhejiang University Lianpei Project PhD student Wang Lang (level 2020) is the first author of this article.

[Make multi-scale structure with Al-3DLITHO]

The author introduces a breakthrough method called Al-3DLITHO in detail. This is a aluminum-based 3D optical carvings technology combined with nano-micron-macro-printed (S-NMMI) and anode oxidation .This process overcomes common limitations for controlling controllable, high -resolution multi -scale structures .Al-3Dlitho uses the surface processing of aluminum to achieve precise nano-and micron patterns during the pressing process.The next anode oxidation steps further refine these nanocal patterns, thereby achieving high vertical and horizontal ratio and adjustable nano-hole arrays on the anode alumina (AAO) template (also known as M-AAO). Nano -printed (Figure 1A) uses nanoscope molds to the surface of aluminum to create an initial high -fidelity nano structure.Micro -pressure printing (Figure 1B) covers additional micro -structural features on the surface of the nano -printed surface.Macro -printing (Figure 1c) adds a macro pattern to form a complex layered structure.The anode oxidation (1D) modified these nanocal patterns to a nano -hole structured array with high vertical ratio .Figure 1-G confirmed that the high accuracy of these patterns on different scale .

Figure 1. Use Al-3DLITHO to manufacture multi-scale structures

[Al-3dlithos mechanism and working scope]

In order to understand the effectiveness of Al-3DLITHO, the author discussed the mechanical mechanism behind his success , Especially through the unique processing of aluminum .Al-3Dlitho relies on aluminum to bear the ability of deformation without losing the structure of the structure, which is essential for the durability of nano-printed.Simulation of aluminum mechanics response by using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation (FEM) simulation . MD simulation display : Stress (2A) is concentrated around the nanoscope, of which high local stress enhances the pattern structure.The wrong network (2B) hinders the further movement of the atom and enhance the anti -deformation ability of aluminum.Further MD simulation (Figure 2C-D) reveals how aluminum is better than gold and silver in retaining nano-patterns.This is due to the high processing hardening rate of aluminum and its dense bit error structure, making the material more resistant to the shape of the form. FEM simulation emphasizes (Figure 2-G). Compared with other metals, the surface of aluminum nano-pattern can withstand larger plastic deformation, and can maintain the structure of the structure even under high pressure.Stress and strain distribution (concentrated on the edge of nanocal patterns) can prevent the morphological damage in the pressing steps.High-resolution transmission electron microscope (TEM) image (Figure 2H-I) shows the dense bits and the sub-crystal world around the nanocal pattern, showing how these bits improve the durability of aluminum and the ability to maintain the pattern during the printing process.The author also sets the operating limit parameter of Al-3Dlitho through determining the threshold, which may decrease than the completeness of the threshold structure.These thresholds are drawn according to the pressure and curvature radius, indicating that Al-3DLITHO can be reliably applied under specific and defined conditions.

AL-3DLITHO technology exceeds the range of aluminum templates, allowing manufacturing multi-scale scaleMaterials .By combining AL-3Dlitho with various sedimentary methods, this article demonstrates the preparation of cross-scale homogeneous and heterogeneous structures. FIG. 3A shows the creation of homogeneity (single material) and heterogeneous (multi -material) structure.Figure 3B-D shows the average multi-scale carbon network with nano, micrometers, and macro characteristics on the base of polybiker siliconane (PDMS).These carbon networks show high consistency at each scale, from nano -fiber thickness (~ 4.4 nm) to large dome (~ 0.8 mm).The author shows the dual TiO2-NI structure (TIO2 nanotubes and NI nanoscopes) formed on the micro-rounded top array, and confirms (Figure 3F-H) through the energy color scattered X-ray spectrum (EDS).The authors created by cyclical structure created by the circulating electric deposition AU and Fe layers in the micro-concave array, and verified by SEM and TEM images (Figure 3i-K).

Figure 3. Use Al-3DLITHO to manufacture multi-scale materials

[Based onMulti-functional sensing of multi-scale carbon network]

Finally, Al-3DLITHO creates a multi-scale carbon network specially used to detect pressure and biochemical labelsRealize the manufacture of multifunctional sensors.Through the design of a three -layered structure (nano fiber, micro -gold pyramid, and large dome), these sensors realize high sensitivity, stability, and flexibility .The schematic diagram (Figure 4A-B) illustrates the three-layer structure: nano fibers used to improve sensitivity, micro-cone to maintain structural integrity, and large rounded dome for enhancing response.The image of the packaging sensor shows its physical structure and portability (Figure 4C).The minimum pressure detection limit of the sensor is only 0.09 PA, which is significantly lower than other sensors.The combination of nano, micrometer, and macro structure improves the range of sensitivity and detectable pressure. The sensor has excellent sensitivity in the wide linear range (Figure 4d-E).This multifunctional sensor can continuously monitor health indicators such as heart rate and uric acid level, which is suitable for wearable health monitoring .This highly customized highlights the potential of the integrated sensor for the integrated sensor for real-time physiological monitoring of Al-3DLITHO, which is very valuable for medical diagnosis and sports applications (Figure 4G-I).

Figure 4. Customized multi-scale carbon network for multi-functional sensing

[Summary]

This article introduces an Economic and efficient, highly accurate Al-3DLITHO technology, which involves S-NMMI and M-AAOThe anode oxidation of the template is used to make high -precision and multi -scale materials .The results of simulation and experiments show that Al-3Dlitho is achieved by aluminum or other extensive materials in the S-NMMI process.Considering the form and arrangement of nano structure, micro-structure, and macro structures can be designed and customized separately through the AL-3DLITHO method, so it can create a multi-scale structure with nano-resolution. By combining AL-3Dlitho with low-temperature and high temperature deposition methods, the author successfully manufactured a multi-scale material with at least 107 quantitative order length and heterogeneous arrangement, including carbon and semiconductors, including carbon and semiconductorsAnd metal material.Through the decoupling line nano fiber, micro -gold pyramid, and large rounded top, they made two multi -scale carbon network sets a "film" multifunctional sensor with customized characteristics. Combined with machine learning and advanced data processing methods, this articles Al-3Dlitho technology can accelerate the discovery and manufacturing full-size accurate structure with interesting mechanical and physical characteristics, for emerging photoelectric and flexible sensing applications.