It is generally believed that European Renaissance is a new breakthrough in the literary and artistic fields.In fact, the Renaissance involves a wide range of scope and involves many aspects of political science, history, religion, philosophy, science and other aspects. This is the case. The Renaissance is a great change that promotes Europe into modern times.In the Middle Ages, the Christian world view was bound to Europeans, making science a tool for theology.Since the Renaissance, the concept of Catholic Church has been questioned by people, and religion is no longer an absolute authority.In this context, science began to break away from theological control and opened up a new world.
One, break the monopoly of "Earth Heart"
In the classical era, European astronomers have established two different views of cosmic views, "the theory of the sun" and the "earth heart", and supportThe representative of "Sun Xin said" is Aristak, who supports the "Earth Heart" representative is Ptolemy.In the Middle Ages, the church used the "Earth Heart theory" as a Christian universe view, and continued to improve the doctrine of Ptolemy.The church used "theory of the earth" as a defense tool for Christian doctrine and prohibited people from questioning.Therefore, when astronomy wants to develop, it must break the monopoly position of "theory of the earth".
The "Shengxin theory" and "Earth Heart theory" in the classical era are not strict scientific inferences.EssenceIn the Middle Ages, although the "Earth Heart said" was ruled by Europe, the "Sun Xin said" still existed in the Arab region.
At the end of the Middle Ages, European and Arabic contact increased, and Oriental astronomy began to be introduced to Western Europe, which had an important impact on the revival of Western European astronomical literature.The 10th century Arab astronomer Biluni has criticized the Ptolemy system and pointed out that the earth rotates around the sun.In the 14th century, this idea has begun to spread.For example, Olusms idea of autobiography on the earth.
If you want to overthrow the "Earth Heart theory" that prevails for thousands of years, a new observation instrument must appear to surpass the restrictions of intuitive observation of the naked eye.From the perspective of relevant information, the astronomical observation instruments in Europe in the late Middle Ages have been very advanced. For example, Corbenis Clarkov University has the "star catcher" and "three arc instruments". Copernicus uses them to observeMoon eclipse, study the starry sky.By observing the lunar eclipse, Copernicus began to discover the error of the "Earth Heart" system.
Subsequently, he collected a large number of information about "Ri Xin", including the manuscript of Aristax.After a long -term observation and research, Columbus published the "Celestial Operation Theory" in 1543. He overturned the "Earth Heart theory" with rigorous observation results and calculation results, causing an astronomical earthquake.
After the "Celestial Run theory" was published, many scientists and people of insight expressed their support.Among them, Breon in Italy became the heir of Copernicus, and he published "On Unlimited, Universe, and many Worlds" to further develop his doctrine.At that time, the church blocked the doctrine of Copernicus and Bruno, which was deemed to be "heresy", and held the two to death.However, the behavior of the church cannot hinder the arrival of the scientific era.After that, more and more advanced observation instruments appeared, and more astronomical achievements appeared.
Denmarks Timu Brah conducted a high -precision observation. His manuscript was eventually edited as "Rudolph Astronomy Watch" in 1627, becoming the most precise astronomical at that timesurface.Galileo is the heir of Tigu. He invented an astronomical telescope and now opened a new era of astronomy.
The "Renxin said" system was eventually established by German astronomer Campler.In 1619, his "The Theory of Harmony of the Universe" was published and proposed the famous "Three Laws of Planet Movement".The emergence of the three major theorems of Capeler marks that astronomy has been highly combined with mathematics, making astronomy a scientific system with theoretical, proof, and data.After Capeller, the theology in the field of astronomy cannot exist.Later, on this basis, Newton proposed the "Gravity theorem", which made theology completely withdrawn from astronomy and opened the era of "scientific revolution".
Establishment of experimental science
In the classical era, although a large number of scientific theories appeared, But most of these theories are some speculations or calculations.Therefore, in modern times, science actually has no separation with philosophy, and science is philosophy.In the Middle Ages, the church believed that theology was higher than everything, and science or philosophy was just the niece of theology.To develop independent development in modern times, it is necessary to break through the restraint of theological system and experience philosophy.How can it prove that the theory of science is correct?Modern physics has embarked on an experiment -based path.
As early as the Middle Ages of Oxford University, its "heresy" philosopher Gil Bobei proposed a scientific theory based on pioneering experiments.In 1247, he spent all his funds established a metallurgical laboratory at Oxford University, and made a major breakthrough in the research of optics and metals.During the Renaissance, Da Vinci, Italy was not only a painter, but also a mechanical engineer.He inherited the spirit of Luojil Peros experiment, and he said that "experiments are the mother of trueness" and emphasized that scientific theory should be based on observation and strict reasoning.He studied Archimedes mechanics and improved it. For example, he proposed the theory of waves of waves and expanded to aerodynamics, acoustic and optics, and has high inspirational value for modern physics.
Da Vincis device design drawing
In the Galileo period, modern mechanics began to be establishedstand up.Galileo combined the experimental method, induction method and mathematical interpretation, forming a relatively complete scientific theoretical system.In terms of machinery, he invented the buoyancy balance, thermometer and astronomical telescope; in terms of mechanical theory, he proposed the "Law of Freedom", "the Law of inertia", and "the law of pendulum", which laid a solid foundation for the emergence of modern classic mechanics.In order to prove the correctness of his theory, he performed the famous "Pisa Land Tower Experiment", which overturned Aristotles mechanics.
In addition to physics, chemistry also begins the history of modernization.Swiss chemist Palaceusus advocates establishing scientific research on the basis of observation and experiments. He uses this methodology for ore research, air research and medicine.He has two main heirs.One was the Holmmmont of Brussels. He continued to study air and discovered the synthesis method of "alum" through experiments.In addition, Big Linghio, his book "On Flame" describes many characteristics of minerals, metals and salt, and has contributed to European geology.
Bacon
Finally, I have to mention the British Francis Bacon, he is oneHe is a philosopher, but he believes that he is "the real ancestor of the entire experimental science" and "the direct or emotional creator of modern natural science."He established materialist philosophy, thinking that nature is material, objective, and regular; he proposes "knowledge is power", encourages people to discover the laws, conquer nature, and transform society;It has proposed scientific methods, such as analyzing, comparing, induction, experiments, and demonstrations of perceptual understanding, and eventually rose to a rational understanding.Therefore, Bacons contribution to science is mainly theoretical.
Three, the development of biology and medicine
Medieval theology not only hinders people to explore the mystery of the universe, but also prohibit people from understanding the structure of the body.In ancient Greece and Rome, the anatomy was allowed, but the Middle Ages were banned.However, Western medicine is based on anatomy, and the development of medicine that prohibits an anatomy that is inevitable.At the same time, the rise of Arabic medicine, Arabic medicalists inherited the medical technology of the classical era in many ways (including anatomy) and developed it.
With the increase in connection with the Arab countries, Western Europe has begun to introduce medicine from the Arab region.The most representative of these is the University of Salaino in Italy. It is one of the earliest universities in Europe. It mainly studies Arabic Medicine and Classical Medicine.In the late Middle Ages, Jiexue has begun to appear in various medical universities.At that time, the church had strict regulations on anatomy, and it was necessary to comply with the textbooks of ancient Roman gutron and Arabia Avilona.However, this new phenomenon will continue to break various restrictions.The rise of the solution to the study has promoted the revival of medicine. In the Middle Ages, classic medical works such as "Surgery Practice" and "Surgery" appeared in Italy during the Middle Ages.
In the Renaissance era, Italys solutions have become more prosperous, and from past formalism teaching to pragmatic.At that time, the famous solution to the scientist was Visali.On the basis of a large number of animal and human anatomy experiments, he published the "Human Anatomy Map" to introduce the physiological structure of the human body in detail.This work has sparked actions in the medical community and made people have made breakthroughs in the human body.>
On the basis of anatomy, people have begun to conduct more detailed research.During the Renaissance, medical scientists have already understood the flow of human blood.Selwit in Spain proposed the "lung circulation theory" that after the blood entered the lungs, it returned the heart through the vein.His thoughts were considered "heresy", and he himself was executed by the Galwen Church, and his career was not completed.On the basis of Servitt, British medical scientist Harvey proposed the theory of blood circulation. He believes that the heart is the power of blood circulation, and the lungs are the place where blood evolves.Harveys theory overthrew the theory of hard work that has been ruled by European medicine for 1500 years, and laid the foundation for modern physiology.
In fact, the field of biology has always been the strongest field of religious control.Christianity has always promoted the era of "theory of Gods Creation" and the "scientific revolution" era.This theory has been withdrawn in the fields of astronomy, but has been firmly entangled in the field of biology, and they claim that "God has created people."The development of science and medicine has gradually promoted the development of biology. After the emergence of evolution, theology has withdrawn from the field of biology.It can be seen that in the course of scientific defeating theology, medicine also played a role that cannot be ignored.
Conclusion
In the Renaissance, European science is breaking the control of traditional theology and moving towards independence.After the Renaissance, it was the "scientific revolution".During the Renaissance, it corresponds to the Yuan Dynasty and the Ming Dynasty. In this era, a series of scientific and technological works also appeared in China, such as "Tiantong Kaiwan", "Compendium of Materia Medica", "Xu Xiake Travel Notes", etc., but Chinese science alsoWithout departure from empiricalism, science has not yet been independent of technology, these works are only a summary of past experience and technology.Therefore, the Ming Dynasty was an era of summary, and it was not pioneered, which also caused Chinese technology to begin to lag behind the West.Understanding the European science in the Renaissance, compared with the summary of the Ming Dynasty, we have a more understanding of the difference between the technology of East and the West.
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