魏博軍鎮：既要軍人戰鬥力強，又要他們忠誠度高，你在給我開玩笑？ | 循跡曉講
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主講：三喵先生
策劃：三喵先生
責編：馬戲團長
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話說唐朝自從安史之亂以後進入了藩鎮割據的時代，這些藩鎮當中，最強悍的一支名叫魏博節度使，也叫魏博軍鎮，他們計程車卒歷經幾代人戰鬥力都非常強悍，唐王朝拿他們一點辦法沒有。
而到了殘唐五代時期，強悍的魏博士卒成了各大梟雄爭奪的焦點，他們的舉動也深刻影響了後世的歷史，那魏博軍鎮到底是怎樣的來歷？其戰鬥力為何如此強悍，他們後來的命運又如何？今天就來聊聊這個話題。
天寶時期，安祿山兼任平盧、范陽、河東三鎮節度使，手握唐軍最精銳的主力。圖為天寶年間，唐軍主力分佈圖
魏博節度使的治所在如今的河北邯鄲一帶，當年安祿山史思明起兵反唐，其兵力根本就是來自河北的精兵悍卒。
公元763年，叛軍最後的領袖史朝義在走投無路之際自殺身亡，安史之亂表面上被平定了，但朝廷河北地區還有些叛軍的高階將領，他們手底下也有不少兵，如果繼續窮追猛打斬草除根，他們這些人逼急了造反，只能造成戰亂延續，這是朝廷無法承受的後果，所以為了儘早息事寧人，唐朝冊封安史叛軍手下的一些高階將領為節度使，其中田承嗣被封為魏博節度使，這也就是魏博軍鎮的起源。
◇ 北京法源寺（唐時“憫忠寺”），史朝義為史思明立的碑
當地計程車卒之前深切感念安祿山史思明對他們的好，而田承嗣為了籠絡軍心，特意在魏博建了安祿山，安慶緒，史思明，史朝義的廟，尊他們為安史四聖，參拜者絡繹不絕。
朝廷欽定的叛賊不僅能在魏博享受香火，而且田承嗣在魏博統計戶口，徵收重稅，老弱者去耕田，青壯年補充進軍隊，而且戶口資訊和賦稅都不上交朝廷，並從兵卒中精選萬人用以貼身護衛，謂之“牙兵”，魏博軍鎮實際上已經成了一個傭兵割據的政權。但唐朝也只能對他好言相勸，唐代宗為了安撫田承嗣甚至把公主嫁給了田承嗣的兒子。
◇ 電影《刺客葉隱娘》中田承嗣的六子田緒和嘉誠公主形象
此後田承嗣仗著自己計程車兵戰鬥力強，愈發驕橫，甚至在別的割據勢力內部挑撥離間，取得了鄰近的相州衛州，大大擴充了魏博軍鎮的賦稅來源，額外收上來的賦稅自然是被用來養兵，當上一輩兵卒老去，他們的下一代子承父業，繼續維持高水平的訓練和很高的待遇。
如此一來二去，強悍的魏博兵卒對田承嗣極為忠心，這也是他能夠割據一方的資本。
魏博節度使勢力範圍
◇ 圖為魏博節度使韓允忠（君雄）墓石馬
大曆十四年，也就是公元779年，田承嗣臨終之時任命自己的侄子田悅為留後，繼承他的節度使之位，開創了藩鎮世襲的先例。在此之後，田悅聯合其他節度使反叛唐朝，甚至自稱魏王，和朝廷分庭抗禮。直到數年之後田悅被殺，魏博新任節度使歸順朝廷，這次鬧劇也才結束，而對於魏博忽叛忽降，朝廷也一點辦法沒有，只能隨他去了。
隨著時間的推移，魏博的軍人們，尤其是牙軍，日益驕橫，如果他們懷疑節度使有想法剋扣他們的軍餉，或者讓他們去外鄉作戰，一個不高興就可以糾結眾人，把看不順眼的節度使幹掉，自立新的節度使。就這樣，老田家做了幾代節度使就被軍人趕下來，接下來韓家換了何家，樂家換了韓家，魏博節度使是誰，皇帝說了不算，老節度使說了也不算，軍人們的拳頭刀劍才是最終的抉擇，從某種程度上講，這也算是軍隊內部民主。時人稱“長安天子，魏府牙軍”，可見他們驕橫恣意到了何種地步。
歷任
魏博節度使名單
唐朝末年，魏博幾次更換主人之後姓了羅。公元898年，剛剛上任的新節度使羅紹威眼看著魏博牙兵取了好幾個節度使性命，自己沒準兒就是下一個，決定藉助外力將其幹掉。
他找到的這個外力正是當時最炙手可熱的軍閥朱溫，而朱溫也明白，想要逐鹿天下，一定要拉攏魏博勢力，所以把自己的女兒安陽公主嫁給了羅紹威，然而安陽公主沒過幾年就去世了，不過這正好給了朱溫藉口，他以助喪的名義，派千餘人潛入魏博軍鎮，然後突然發動襲擊，屠殺牙兵家屬八千家，就連襁褓中的嬰兒也都沒有放過。
朱溫畫像
在內外合謀之下，經此突襲，魏博牙軍元氣大傷，整個軍鎮的實力也大為削弱，魏博也淪為了朱溫的附庸，但這一切對於羅紹威還是值得的，最起碼他可以安安穩穩當他的節度使，不用擔心哪天牙軍過來突然取他性命了。
魏博牙軍雖然基本被剿滅，但整個軍鎮其他軍人還是得以倖存，他們對於朱溫如此作為極為不滿。
朱溫活著的時候尚且可以用自己的手段鎮住魏博，等他一死，事情就不對了，後梁朝廷認為魏博尾大不掉，準備把魏博鎮一分為二，慢慢肢解，逐步消除它的隱患，但魏博軍人根本不買賬，他們再一次用武力決定了自己的命運。既然後梁朝廷如此對待他們，那就不如投靠後梁的敵人，那就是盤踞山西的李存勖。這個舉動直接影響了梁晉爭霸的格局，日後李存勖有了魏博軍人相助，在幾年時間裡就風捲殘雲消滅後梁，建立了後唐政權。
李存勖畫像
當然，此時的魏博軍人依舊桀驁難馴。後唐建立沒幾年，魏博軍人就因為賭博輸錢發動了鄴城叛亂，李存勖讓親族李嗣源去平叛，結果李嗣源進入魏博，就在魏博軍人的擁戴下反水，最終逼死了李存勖。
這時候，魏博兵已經不僅可以決定節度使是誰，甚至可以決定皇帝廢立了。在五代十國那樣的亂世中，誰控制了魏博兵這樣強悍的力量，誰就可以有稱王稱帝的資本。建立後晉的石敬瑭，建立後漢的劉知遠，建立後周的郭威，都曾擔任過魏博節度使，也都非常倚仗魏博的軍力，由此可見魏博軍鎮對時局的影響。
只不過，軍人如此憑藉自己的好惡隨意廢立節度使，甚至是皇帝，能夠給天下帶來的必然是無窮的災禍。所以到了北宋建立，宋太祖是採取一系列措施防範類似事件發生，比如杯酒釋兵權，架空魏博節度使，並把軍餉發放收歸中央，等等等等，如此一來必然削弱這些精兵強卒的戰鬥力，但宋太祖寧可如此，也不願意看到軍人們隨意決定政局走向了。
◇ 五代後梁王處直墓的浮雕彩繪 三喵先生供圖
公元977年，最後一任魏博節度使病逝，宋太宗就坡下驢，裁撤了魏博軍鎮，這個一度決定中國命運的軍人團體，就此走入了歷史。
魏博軍鎮這兩百年從壯大到極度膨脹，再到毀滅的過程，演繹了一個非常簡單的道理，那就是權力不能只是依靠暴力，當權者更不能是暴力最強者說了算，不然的話，甭管節度使還是朝廷，遲早就淪為軍人的附庸，造成生靈塗炭的悲劇，而小到魏博軍鎮，大到五代十國的動亂，都是這場悲劇的見證者。
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(min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root[data-weui-mode=care][data-weui-theme=dark],body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body[data-weui-mode=care][data-weui-theme=dark]{--weui-BG-0: #111;--weui-BG-1: #1e1e1e;--weui-BG-2: #191919;--weui-BG-3: #202020;--weui-BG-4: #404040;--weui-BG-5: #2c2c2c;--weui-FG-0: rgba(255, 255, 255, .85);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(255, 255, 255, .65);--weui-FG-1: rgba(255, 255, 255, .55);--weui-FG-2: rgba(255, 255, 255, .35);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root,body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body{--appmsgExtra-BG: #F7F7F7}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root[data-weui-theme=dark],body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body[data-weui-theme=dark]{--weui-BG-0: #111;--weui-BG-1: #1e1e1e;--weui-BG-2: #191919;--weui-BG-3: #202020;--weui-BG-4: #404040;--weui-BG-5: #2c2c2c;--weui-FG-0: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(255, 255, 255, .6);--weui-FG-1: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-FG-2: rgba(255, 255, 255, .3);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root[data-weui-theme=dark],body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body[data-weui-theme=dark]{--appmsgExtra-BG: #121212}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){body:not(.pages_skin_pc)body:not(.pages_skin_pc){background:var(--weui-BG-2)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px) and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root[data-weui-mode=care]:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body[data-weui-mode=care]:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--weui-BG-0: #111;--weui-BG-1: #1e1e1e;--weui-BG-2: #191919;--weui-BG-3: #202020;--weui-BG-4: #404040;--weui-BG-5: #2c2c2c;--weui-FG-0: rgba(255, 255, 255, .85);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(255, 255, 255, .65);--weui-FG-1: rgba(255, 255, 255, .55);--weui-FG-2: rgba(255, 255, 255, .35);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px) and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--weui-BG-0: #111;--weui-BG-1: #1e1e1e;--weui-BG-2: #191919;--weui-BG-3: #202020;--weui-BG-4: #404040;--weui-BG-5: #2c2c2c;--weui-FG-0: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(255, 255, 255, .6);--weui-FG-1: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-FG-2: rgba(255, 255, 255, .3);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLUE: rgba(16, 174, 255, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-BLACK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .05)}}@media screen and (min-width:1024px) and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not(.pages_skin_pc) .wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not(.pages_skin_pc) body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--appmsgExtra-BG: #121212}}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){body:not([data-weui-theme=light]).my_comment_empty_data{background-color:#111}}body,.wx-root{--weui-BG-6: rgba(0, 0, 0, .05);--weui-ACTIVE-MASK: rgba(0, 0, 0, .05)}body,.wx-root{--weui-REDORANGE: #ff6146;--weui-BG-0: #ededed;--weui-BG-1: #f7f7f7;--weui-BG-2: #fff;--weui-BG-3: #f7f7f7;--weui-BG-4: #4c4c4c;--weui-BG-5: #fff;--weui-FG-0: rgba(0, 0, 0, .9);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(0, 0, 0, .9);--weui-FG-1: rgba(0, 0, 0, .55);--weui-FG-2: rgba(0, 0, 0, .3);--weui-FG-3: rgba(0, 0, 0, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(0, 0, 0, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(0, 0, 0, .05);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: 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#373737}}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--weui-BG-6: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-ACTIVE-MASK: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1)}}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){.wx-root:not([data-weui-theme=light]),body:not([data-weui-theme=light]){--weui-REDORANGE: #ff6146;--weui-BG-0: #111;--weui-BG-1: #1e1e1e;--weui-BG-2: #191919;--weui-BG-3: #202020;--weui-BG-4: #404040;--weui-BG-5: #2c2c2c;--weui-FG-0: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(255, 255, 255, .6);--weui-FG-1: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-FG-2: rgba(255, 255, 255, .3);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: 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#191919;--weui-BG-3: #202020;--weui-BG-4: #404040;--weui-BG-5: #2c2c2c;--weui-FG-0: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-FG-HALF: rgba(255, 255, 255, .6);--weui-FG-1: rgba(255, 255, 255, .5);--weui-FG-2: rgba(255, 255, 255, .3);--weui-FG-3: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-FG-4: rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);--weui-FG-5: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);--weui-RED: #fa5151;--weui-ORANGERED: #ff6146;--weui-ORANGE: #c87d2f;--weui-YELLOW: #cc9c00;--weui-GREEN: #74a800;--weui-LIGHTGREEN: #3eb575;--weui-BRAND: #07c160;--weui-BLUE: #10aeff;--weui-INDIGO: #1196ff;--weui-PURPLE: #8183ff;--weui-WHITE: rgba(255, 255, 255, .8);--weui-LINK: #7d90a9;--weui-TEXTGREEN: #259c5c;--weui-FG: #fff;--weui-BG: #000;--weui-TAG-TEXT-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-RED: rgba(250, 81, 81, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-ORANGE: rgba(250, 157, 59, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .6);--weui-TAG-BACKGROUND-GREEN: rgba(6, 174, 86, .1);--weui-TAG-TEXT-BLUE: rgba(16, 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div.autoTypeSetting24psection > p,div.autoTypeSetting24psection > section{margin-bottom: 24px;}
